{"id":606788,"date":"2018-07-25T08:00:27","date_gmt":"2018-07-25T14:00:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/nmpolitics.net\/index\/?p=606788"},"modified":"2018-07-24T17:07:15","modified_gmt":"2018-07-24T23:07:15","slug":"black-asylum-seekers-from-africa-face-unique-challenges-in-the-u-s","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nmpolitics.net\/index\/2018\/07\/black-asylum-seekers-from-africa-face-unique-challenges-in-the-u-s\/","title":{"rendered":"Black asylum seekers from Africa face unique challenges in the U.S."},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"attachment_606793\"  class=\"wp-caption module image alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 771px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-606793\" src=\"http:\/\/nmpolitics.net\/index\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/African_Immigrants_1_RZ-771x517.jpg\" alt=\"Merlin\" width=\"771\" height=\"517\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nmpolitics.net\/index\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/African_Immigrants_1_RZ-771x517.jpg 771w, https:\/\/nmpolitics.net\/index\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/African_Immigrants_1_RZ-336x225.jpg 336w, https:\/\/nmpolitics.net\/index\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/African_Immigrants_1_RZ-768x515.jpg 768w, https:\/\/nmpolitics.net\/index\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/African_Immigrants_1_RZ-1170x784.jpg 1170w, https:\/\/nmpolitics.net\/index\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/African_Immigrants_1_RZ.jpg 1250w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 771px) 100vw, 771px\" \/><p class=\"wp-media-credit\">Rachel Zein \/ for The Texas Tribune<\/p><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Merlin, 38, left Cameroon last year due to violence. But as a black immigrant, his experience in America has been a unique challenge.<\/p><\/div>\n<p><i>Editor\u2019s note: This story contains language that may be offensive to some readers.<\/i><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">After a months-long journey across the Atlantic Ocean, into Central America and through Mexico, Merlin arrived at the U.S. port of entry in Laredo, Texas full of hope. The 38-year-old who worked in hotel management said he fled violent political unrest in Cameroon to seek a new life in America, a country he viewed as a bastion of safety and freedom.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">But after legally crossing the border and asking for asylum, Merlin was detained by federal officials for 11 months. He lived at the South Texas Detention Complex along with people who didn\u2019t look like him or speak his native language, French.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Merlin, who asked to be identified only by his first name because he&#8217;s fleeing political persecution, was frequently frustrated with how the reality of life as a refugee in America conflicts with the country&#8217;s image as a haven for immigrants while he struggled through an asylum process experiencing fundamental shifts under the Trump administration.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">This wasn\u2019t the United States he thought would be welcoming him with open arms and opportunity. Some days, he questioned why he came.<\/p>\n<aside class=\"module align-left half type-aside\">\n<h3>About this article<\/h3>\n<p>This article originally appeared in\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.texastribune.org\/2018\/07\/24\/african-asylum-seekers-immigration-challenges\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Texas Tribune<\/a>,\u00a0a nonpartisan, nonprofit media organization that informs Texans and engages with them about public policy, politics, government and statewide issues.<\/p>\n<\/aside>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u201cI was a bit disappointed for what we were thinking,\u201d Merlin said last week. \u201cIn Africa, you thought [America] was paradise.\u201d<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">As the Trump administration implemented its now-reversed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.texastribune.org\/series\/separated-immigrant-families-zero-tolerance\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u201czero tolerance\u201d<\/a> immigration policy and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.texastribune.org\/2018\/07\/12\/migrants-asylum-tougher-guidelines\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">narrowed previous paths to asylum<\/a>, thousands of Mexican and Central American immigrants became the faces of chaotic changes that federal agencies made in how they treat people legally and illegally crossing the border.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">But asylum seekers like Merlin who fled African countries have also been ensnared in the bureaucratic tumult. And those black African immigrants arriving in Texas are finding a litany of racial, cultural and practical challenges that can be different from \u2014 and overshadowed by \u2014 the experiences of Latino immigrants who flood into Texas each year, advocates and experts say.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u201cWe become frustrated with the single story pushed out,\u201d<b> <\/b>said Deborah Alemu of the UndocuBlack Network, an organization that advocates for black, undocumented immigrants.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">The number of African immigrants in the U.S. has <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2017\/02\/14\/african-immigrant-population-in-u-s-steadily-climbs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">roughly doubled every decade since 1970<\/a>, according to the Pew Research Center. The original plaintiffs at the heart of what is now a class-action lawsuit that the American Civil Liberties Union filed against Immigration and Customs Enforcement over federal officials separating families seeking asylum are from the Democratic Republic of Congo.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Texas, the second-most populous state in the country, has more than 235,000 foreign-born African residents. That is more than any other state, according to 2016 U.S. Census data. But those immigrants represent only 5 percent of the state\u2019s total foreign-born residents, thanks mainly to the large number of immigrant Texas residents born in Latin America.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Alemu said that historical racism and discrimination directed at black people in America can exacerbate the difficulties African immigrants already face for being an asylum seeker.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u201cYou won\u2019t be recognized as Ghanaian, Congolese or Jamaican,\u201d Alemu said. \u201cYou\u2019ll be recognized as black.\u201d<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"ltr\">A &#8216;resting place of hope&#8217;<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Four houses sit in a cul-de-sac in East Austin, forming what is almost a small town. Children outside run from house to house. Doors slam as squeals of laughter and chatter fill the air. These homes belong to <a href=\"http:\/\/www.casamarianella.org\/posada-esperanza\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Posada Esperanza<\/a>, which roughly translates to \u201cresting place of hope,\u201d a transitional housing program for immigrant mothers and their children who are escaping cultural or domestic violence. The organization provides immigrant women and their children with temporary housing and resources to find jobs and permanent homes.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_606794\"  class=\"wp-caption module image alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 650px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-606794\" src=\"http:\/\/nmpolitics.net\/index\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Posada_Esperanza_1_MKC_TT.jpg\" alt=\"Posada Esperanza\" width=\"650\" height=\"436\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nmpolitics.net\/index\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Posada_Esperanza_1_MKC_TT.jpg 650w, https:\/\/nmpolitics.net\/index\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Posada_Esperanza_1_MKC_TT-336x225.jpg 336w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/><p class=\"wp-media-credit\">Marjorie Kamys Cotera \/ for The Texas Tribune<\/p><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Boxes with fruit and vegetables inside the office of Posada Esperanza, a transitional housing program for immigrant mothers and their children in Austin.<\/p><\/div>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Patti McCabe, the shelter\u2019s director, said Posada\u2019s population was once majority Latino residents. But now, nearly half of the women housed at Posada are from African countries. Most of them fled the Democratic Republic of Congo \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/interactives\/global-conflict-tracker#!\/conflict\/violence-in-the-democratic-republic-of-congo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a country dealing with violent fallout from the 1994 Rwandan genocide<\/a>, which triggered a wave of weak governance, exposing Congolese civilians to sexual violence and rape, extreme poverty and human rights violations by rebel groups.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">McCabe said Africans often travel as family units. But once they reach American soil seeking asylum, the husbands are detained and the women and children are often released while they wait for court dates. Posada receives many immigrant women who are pregnant or have given birth without their spouses by their side. One Congolese woman currently at Posada was within days of her due date this month while her husband remained detained at a facility in New Jersey.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u201cWhen you think of family separation, you think of children being separated from their parents \u2014 that\u2019s what everyone has been talking about,\u201d Posada case manager Laura Messenger said. \u201cBut what we\u2019ve seen a lot this year and what we have been seeing for the past two is our women and children here being separated from their husbands and fathers who are still in detention.\u201d<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Posada\u2019s staff teach women how to ride the city buses, find health clinics and research work and housing options during their stay. But the goal is to teach the women to financially sustain themselves and their children on their own \u2014 which can be incongruous to the traditional gender roles some of the women were taught. Yet for the women of Posada, being financially independent single mothers while their husbands are detained has been empowering, McCabe said.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u201cIt would be they might have input, but the husband always makes the ultimate decision,\u201d McCabe said. \u201cBut now, like it or not, they\u2019re the ones who need to make the decisions.\u201d<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Still, basic activities like riding public transportation or going to the grocery store can be a difficult task for those who don\u2019t speak Spanish and English \u2014 the two most predominant languages in Texas.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u201cI just can\u2019t imagine how that must feel from their perspective \u2014 to not be able to communicate even simple things about what they need in the facilities, let alone their asylum claim and conveying that in an application that\u2019s in English,\u201d said Priscilla Olivarez, an attorney with American Gateways, an organization that has asylum-seeking clients from Africa.<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"ltr\">Feds allege abuse of asylum system<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">In a meeting with lawmakers last year, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.texastribune.org\/2018\/01\/12\/what-texas-officials-are-saying-about-trumps-comment-shithole-countrie\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">President Donald Trump allegedly asked why immigrants from \u201cshithole\u201d countries<\/a> were getting protections as part of a bipartisan immigration deal. Lawmakers said the comments were in reference to immigrants from Haiti, El Salvador and Africa. <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/951813216291708928?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E951813216291708928&amp;ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.texastribune.org%2F2018%2F01%2F12%2Fwhat-texas-officials-are-saying-about-trumps-comment-shithole-countrie%2F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Trump later denied the reports<\/a>, saying it was \u201cmade up\u201d by Democrats.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Then U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions last month <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/eoir\/page\/file\/1070866\/download\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">issued a ruling<\/a> that made it tougher for victims solely escaping domestic or gang violence to seek asylum in the U.S. \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.texastribune.org\/2018\/07\/12\/migrants-asylum-tougher-guidelines\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">leading to more deportations<\/a> before seekers have the opportunity to argue their cases in front of an immigration judge. Sessions had previously criticized what he called widespread abuse of the asylum system and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/opa\/speech\/attorney-general-jeff-sessions-delivers-remarks-executive-office-immigration-review\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said in October<\/a> that the asylum process \u201chas become an easy ticket to illegal entry into the United States.\u201d<!--more--><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Olivarez, who sees many asylum claims from African immigrants based on religious reasons or gender-based violence, said she\u2019s seen an increase in asylum denials after Sessions\u2019 June ruling. Olivarez has also seen an uptick in cases where people are being required to pay a parole bond so they can be released while awaiting a final determination of their asylum request. And she\u2019s noticed more parole bond requests denied, meaning asylum seekers are being detained as the process winds through federal courts.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u201cBefore the administration change, we wouldn\u2019t see that,\u201d Olivarez said. \u201cGenerally we wouldn\u2019t see parole bonds and they wouldn\u2019t be as high as we\u2019re seeing.\u201d<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Immigrations and Customs Enforcement reported that 35,070 bonds have been posted so far this year, compared to 48,199 for all of 2017 and 42,384 for all of 2016.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">An ICE spokesman said there have been no changes to the bond policy and that \u201ccustody decisions are made on a case-by-case basis taking into account multiple factors, including immigration history, criminal history, medical history and ties to the community.\u201d<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Olivarez said her African clients have been \u201cshocked\u201d when they are detained after seeking asylum at the border \u2014 especially those who were imprisoned in their home countries for being political activists and must now deal with what she called the \u201cretraumatization\u201d of being detained.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u201cMany clients tell me they did not think they would be treated this way,\u201d Olivarez said. \u201cFor many of them, America was a country that valued freedom, which is why they made the dangerous journey to come to the U.S. They believed the U.S. was the only country that would provide them with sufficient protection. However, when they arrive in the U.S., they feel as if they are treated as a criminal.\u201d<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"ltr\">From African jail to American detention<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Merlin left Cameroon after <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/africa\/cameroon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">violence erupted<\/a> between the country\u2019s French-speaking population, which dominates the government, and English-speaking separatists, who have reportedly been marginalized by the French-speaking majority.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Since 2016, scores of civilians on both sides have been killed, with the government accused of torturing suspected separatists and separatists accused of kidnapping and extorting civilians and state workers, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/report\/2018\/07\/19\/these-killings-can-be-stopped\/abuses-government-and-separatist-groups-cameroons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to Human Rights Watch<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Merlin, who grew up farming with his parents<b> <\/b>and is now a single dad, saw the country he loved rapidly change before his eyes. After being arrested with hundreds of others during a protest, Merlin\u2019s mother begged him to go to America for his safety.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">He was surprised that he was detained for so long, but he said he&#8217;s grateful that it was only 11 months. He met other detainees who had been there for years.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u201cWhy allow people in and detain them?\u201d Merlin said.<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"ltr\">Racism, discrimination linger beyond asylum process<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Merlin was released in February and then stayed at Casa Marianella, another Austin-based immigrant adult shelter, where he connected with other French-speaking African immigrants. As he awaits a judge\u2019s ruling on his asylum case, he is slowly adjusting to life in America.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">He works at a downtown Austin hotel as a food runner and shares an apartment with two other Cameroonian immigrants. He hopes he\u2019ll one day be reunited with his son and his mother, both of whom he left behind in his home country. But he\u2019s glad to no longer be in detention \u2014 and away from the violence back home.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u201cWhen you get out of [detention], you put your hand on your chest and say, \u2018thank God,\u2019\u201d Merlin said. \u201cI\u2019m more safe today.\u201d<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">But even those black African immigrants who are allowed to stay while their asylum requests are processed \u2014 and those who successfully immigrate to the United States \u2014 face racial bias and discrimination both inside and outside the immigration enforcement system, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.stateofblackimmigrants.com\/assets\/sobi-fullreport-jan22.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to a 2016 report<\/a> by the NYU Immigrant Rights Clinic and the Black Alliance for Just Immigration.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">Black immigrants in the U.S. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.stateofblackimmigrants.com\/assets\/sobi-fullreport-jan22.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">are more likely to be detained and deported for criminal convictions compared to the overall immigrant population.<\/a> Alemu said the disproportionate representation of black immigrants among other immigrants facing deportation is an \u201cexact mimic\u201d of what\u2019s happening to black people in the U.S. criminal justice system, <a href=\"https:\/\/sentencingproject.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/Race-and-Justice-Shadow-Report-ICCPR.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">where black people are more likely to be arrested, convicted and imprisoned<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u201cThat\u2019s part of the challenge moving to this country as a refugee and a black person,\u201d said Alemu.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><em>Chris Essig contributed to this report.<\/em><script src=\"https:\/\/cdn.texastribune.org\/pixel\/dot.min.29c708b3d0da5d17a725.js\" integrity=\"sha384-8Xwf\/TlQnmHiajg1t3dn8w4qlF1rmV33o5NAQVXYu0T2q3rHV5579zrSmRjh+XnM\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\" data-tt-canonical=\"https:\/\/www.texastribune.org\/2018\/07\/24\/african-asylum-seekers-immigration-challenges\/\"><\/script><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>African immigrants arriving in Texas are finding a litany of unique racial, cultural and practical challenges to becoming legal residents in America.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":606793,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[140,143],"class_list":["post-606788","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news-and-analysis","tag-border-and-immigration","tag-race-and-ethnicity"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nmpolitics.net\/index\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/606788","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nmpolitics.net\/index\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nmpolitics.net\/index\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nmpolitics.net\/index\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nmpolitics.net\/index\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=606788"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/nmpolitics.net\/index\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/606788\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nmpolitics.net\/index\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/606793"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nmpolitics.net\/index\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=606788"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nmpolitics.net\/index\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=606788"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nmpolitics.net\/index\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=606788"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}